From Right to Left it Had No End: Choice Matters Over Need
Facet Theory offers a new approach to classifying serial murderers that may be practical for police investigations. There are two immediate advantages. First, serial murder investigations are faced with a great deal of information of investigative value that may be derived from simple overt aspects of an offense. Facet Theory can be helpful in serial murders which often involve subtle behavioral information which has value, but detailed analysis of the overt actions of the murder usually overshadow these actions. The study found that the locations at which victims were abducted were centrally located close to the offenders’ home bases rather than at any number of the body dump locations. Second, Facet Theory can use offense and offender variables that have been inductively related and empirically replicated for linking crimes to a common offender.
There has been little empirical study of the abilities that contribute to proficient performance in psychological profiling. Nonetheless, profilers are comparing the accuracy of psychological profiles for a closed murder case generated by groups differing primarily in characteristics posited to underlie the profiling process. The study recruited groups of police officers (representing the role of investigative experience), psychologists (with insight into human behavior), university students (with skills in objective and logical analysis), and self-declared psychics (who rely on an intuitive approach). Another group of participants compiled a generic profile of murderers without knowledge of the specific case given to other groups. [1]Despite the small size of the sample of profilers, there were indications that this group had a set of profiling skills superior to the individual skills represented by the other expertise groups. Additionally, the performance of psychologists was better in some respects than that of police and psychics, suggesting that an educated insight into human behavior might be relatively pertinent to psychological profiling. It would seem that psychics relied on nothing more than the social stereotype of a murderer in their production of the offender’s profile.
Although, it is only in occasional instances that an offender profile is sufficiently specific to have led directly to the apprehension of the offender, the profile evidently can assist the investigators’ thinking on a case and help to narrow the range of potential suspects; in conjunction with other investigative procedures, psychological profiling thereby can make some contribution to the eventual identification of the offender.
An understanding of the type of person who committed a given crime requires an appreciation of how a criminal mind might function. This factor constitutes an understanding of human, especially criminal, psychology. To sharpen the distinction between this factor and that of investigative experience, it might be best to operationalize the former in terms of demonstrable psychological skills.
The effective profiler is the one who can think logically without being diverted by personal feelings about the crime, the perpetrator, and the victim. [2]Thus, in constructing a profile all subjective impressions about the offender being, for example, “an evil thug” or “a sick pervert” must be set aside in favor of a description of the offender as might be given by this person’s friends and neighbors. The capacity for objective and logical analysis was tapped in the study by recruiting a group of university science and economics students who had had no training in behavioral science but had been trained to set aside personal impressions in the rational analysis of factual information.
Forensic psychologists generally have been at pains to discount such depictions of the processes of psychological profiling. It may be surprising, therefore, to find the psychic-like faculty of “intuition” as an important facet of psychological profiling.
The relative profiling accuracy may help to clarify the nature of the skills involved in psychological profiling, but it might be argued that such group comparisons would do nothing to demonstrate the extent to which profiling requires any expertise whatsoever. The relative accuracy of the groups’ performance would not necessarily attest to the absolute accuracy; all groups’ profiling efforts could still be poor. One way to index the accuracy of a group’s profiling performance would be to see how many characteristics of the offender were correctly predicted by members of the group. This index, however, is potentially misleading in that it is confounded by the number of offender characteristics canvassed in the investigation and by the number of characteristics that are actually known about the offender. An alternative way to index the efficacy of a group’s profiling performance would be to show that the number of offender characteristics correctly identified is better than that achieved by a group that is not given any details about the specific case other than its type (viz., murder).
A trend by any of the profiling groups to correctly conclude that the offender in the given case was primarily motivated by an “uncontrollable impulse,” for example, would hardly evidence an incisive profiling performance if people unfamiliar with the case also often attribute this motive to murderers in general. The possible role of this factor in the construction of psychological profiles that profilers are no better than bartenders in the depiction of the offender of a crime.
Acknowledgements:
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[1] The objective is always to investigate the skills underlying the effective performance of criminal psychological profiling. The fundamental role of a psychological profiler is to use information gathered at the scene of a crime and from victims and witnesses in order to construct a biographical sketch that is as specific as possible to the type of person who perpetrated the crime.
[2] A capacity for objective logical analysis might be an essential characteristic of the successful profiler, but in the popular image the psychological profiler is not quite so analytical. The media often depict the profiler as able to evoke apparently mystical visions of the way in which the crime was committed. Thus, many lay people see profilers as “fitting somewhere between a clairvoyant and a witchdoctor,” and even some police reportedly look askance at offender profiling as “one step removed from witchcraft.”
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