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    In its inception, “pollen analysis” (palynology) was principally the assessment of pollen grains and spores. Pollen grains are best understood as the containers which embody the male gametophyte promulgatory portion of the seed plants (angiosperms and gymnosperms). Spores, on the other hand, are the resting and dispersal stages of a cryptogam/fruiting body (pteridophytes, bryophytes, algae, and fungi). The science of palynology has evolved to include, in addition to spores and pollen, a variety of plant and animal microfossils and micro-organics.   In 1944 Hyde and Williams, acknowledging the expanding science of pollen and spore analysis, originated the term palynology to embrace this expanding science. For the duration of the 1940s, palynology, though still concerned largely with the science of modern spores and pollen, also included forms recovered from sediments and coals. Hence, the expression “the study of acid resistant microfossils” is sometimes substituted fo...

                             Worldwide these are easily the most common road fatalities, probably accounting for more than 50 per cent of the third of a million road deaths each year. In the densely populated areas of the globe where vehicles are greatly outnumbered by people, such as Southern Asia, parts of Africa, and the Middle East and Central America, pedestrian casualties form a significant part of the total mortality. Most pedestrians are struck by motor cars or trucks, and the type of vehicle makes a difference to the dynamics of the impact, which - unlike injuries to vehicle occupants - is an  acceleration  not a  deceleration  process. Primary injuries are caused by the first impact of the vehicle on the victim, while secondary injuries are caused by subsequent contact with the ground. Some writers also use the term 'tertiary inj...