As with pornography, most people recognize
evil when they see it. Reaching a universal definition of evil, however, is
impossible. Evil is a complicated concept, akin to a thick rope of many strands
in which philosophers and theologians become entangled.
For
example, combatants frequently demonize their enemies as evil, even while each
side is certain that God is on its side. The 9/11 terrorists believed that
murdering thousands of innocent people would ensure their entrance into Paradise. Antiabortionists who kill doctors or other
abortion clinic personnel contend that they are killing murderers. They all could not be more wrong.
Evil is interpersonal. If you
doubt that, read the Ten Commandments: their admonishments and strictures apply
to the evils that beset our relationships with man and with God, but mostly
with man. Evil is the exclusive province of human beings; it does not take
place among animals. Harm directed at inanimate objects is not considered evil
unless there is a concurrent element of human suffering.
Psychiatrists are medically
trained in and wedded to the use of the scientific method, so they avoid
applying the term evil to the aberrant or horrible acts
they are sometimes called upon to understand and explain. Psychiatrists observe
causes and effects in human behavior and try not to be judgmental about them. The
determination that a particular behavior is or is not evil is a moral judgment,
and what society may label as evil behavior the psychiatrist tries to understand
within the framework of mental illness and the psychology of daily life.
The
presence or absence of empathy is key to determining an individual’s capacity
to maintain constructive, collaborative relationships with others; empathy is
the ability to put oneself in another’s psychological shoes, to sense what the
other may be thinking and feeling. But empathy without caring is empty. Psychopaths
(remorseless predators) are very skilled at divining what other people feel and
think, but they do so in order to manipulate them. They do not care one whit
about other people, whom they regard as morsels to be consumed, with the
remnants to be thrown away as trash. Serial sexual killers will unblinkingly
take a life in order to have an orgasm.
The point is that in all cases of
mass killings and sadistic acts, dramatic failures of empathy and caring must
take place, and enormous excesses of projection of unacceptable thoughts and
feelings must occur, to permit the perpetrators to perceive their victims as
detestable human
rubbish.
Acknowledgements:
The
Police Department;
www.politie.nl
and a Chief Inspector – Mr. Henk van Essen©
www.aivd.nl AIVD –
Mr. Erik Akerboom ©
Bibliography:
1. Criminal
Investigations – Crime Scene Investigation.2000
2. Forensic
Science.2006
3. Techniques
of Crime Scene Investigation.2012
4. Forensics
Pathology.2001
5. Pathology.2005
6. Forensic
DNA Technology (Lewis Publishers,New York, 1991).
7. The
Examination and Typing of Bloodstains in the Crime Laboratory (U.S. Department
of Justice, Washington, D.C., 1971).
8. „A
Short History of the Polymerase Chain Reaction". PCR Protocols. Methods in
Molecular Biology.
9. Molecular
Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (3rd ed.). Cold Spring Harbor,N.Y.: Cold
Spring Harbor
Laboratory Press.2001
10. "Antibodies
as Thermolabile Switches: High Temperature Triggering for the Polymerase Chain
Reaction". Bio/Technology.1994
11. Forensic
Science Handbook, vol. III (Regents/Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1993).
12. "Thermostable
DNA Polymerases for a Wide Spectrum of Applications: Comparison of a Robust
Hybrid TopoTaq to other enzymes". In Kieleczawa J. DNA Sequencing II:
Optimizing Preparation and Cleanup. Jones and Bartlett. 2006
13. Nielsen
B, et al., Acute and adaptive responses in humans to exercise in a warm, humid
environment, Eur J Physiol 1997
14. Molnar
GW, Survival of hypothermia by men immersed in the ocean. JAMA 1946
15. Paton
BC, Accidental hypothermia. Pharmacol Ther 1983
16. Simpson
K, Exposure to cold-starvation and neglect, in Simpson K (Ed): Modem Trends in
Forensic Medicine. St Louis, MO, Mosby Co, 1953.
17. Fitzgerald
FT, Hypoglycemia and accidental hypothermia in an alcoholic population. West J
Med 1980
18. Stoner
HB et al., Metabolic aspects of hypothermia in the elderly. Clin Sci 1980
19. MacGregor
DC et al., The effects of ether, ethanol, propanol and butanol on tolerance to
deep hypothermia. Dis Chest 1966
20. Cooper
KE, Hunter AR, and Keatinge WR, Accidental hypothermia. Int Anesthesia
Clin 1964
21. Keatinge
WR. The effects of subcutaneous fat and of previous exposure to cold on the
body temperature, peripheral blood flow and metabolic rate of men in cold
water. J Physiol 1960
22. Sloan
REG and Keatinge WR, Cooling rates of young people swimming in cold
water. J Appl Physiol 1973
23. Keatinge
WR, Role of cold and immersion accidents. In Adam JM (Ed) Hypothermia – Ashore
and Afloat. 1981, Chapter 4, Aberdeen
Univ. Press, GB.
24. Keatinge
WR and Evans M, The respiratory and cardiovascular responses to immersion in
cold and warm water. QJ Exp Physiol 1961
25. Keatinge
WR and Nadel JA, Immediate respiratory response to sudden cooling of the
skin. J Appl Physiol 1965
26. Golden
F. St C. and Hurvey GR, The “After Drop” and death after rescue from immersion
in cold water. In Adam JM (Ed). Hypothermia – Ashore and Afloat, Chapter 5, Aberdeen Univ. Press, GB 1981.
27. Burton
AC and Bazett HC, Study of average temperature of tissue, of exchange of heat
and vasomotor responses in man by means of bath coloremeter. Am J Physiol
1936
28. Adam
JM, Cold Weather: Its characteristics, dangers and assessment, In Adam JM
(Ed).Hypothermia – Ashore and Afloat, Aberdeen Univ. Press,
GB1981.
29. Modell
JH and Davis JH, Electrolyte changes in human drowning victims.Anesthesiology
1969
30. Bolte
RG, et al., The use of extracorporeal rewarming in a child submerged for 66
minutes. JAMA 1988
31. Ornato
JP, The resuscitation of near-drowning victims. JAMA 1986
32. Conn AW and Barker CA:
Fresh water drowning and near-drowning — An update.1984;
33. Reh
H, On the early postmortem course of “washerwoman’s skin at the
fingertips.” Z Rechtsmed 1984;
34. Gonzales
TA, Vance M, Helpern M, Legal Medicine and Toxicology. New York,
Appleton-Century Co, 1937.
35. Peabody
AJ, Diatoms and drowning – A review, Med Sci Law 1980
36. Foged
N, Diatoms and drowning — Once more.Forens Sci Int 1983
37. "Microscale
chaotic advection enables robust convective DNA replication.". Analytical Chemistry. 2013
38. Sourcebook
in Forensic Serology, Immunology, and Biochemistry (U.S. Department of Justice,
National Institute of Justice, Washington, D.C.,1983).
39. C.
A. Villee et al., Biology (Saunders College Publishing, Philadelphia, 2nd
ed.,1989).
40. Molecular
Biology of the Gene (Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Menlo Park, CA, 4th
ed., 1987).
41. Molecular
Evolutionary Genetics (Plenum Press, New York,1985).
42. Human
Physiology. An Integrate. 2016
43. Dumas
JL and Walker N, Bilateral scapular fractures secondary to electrical shock.
Arch. Orthopaed & Trauma Surg, 1992; 111(5)
44. Stueland
DT, et al., Bilateral humeral fractures from electrically induced muscular
spasm. J. of Emerg. Med. 1989
45. Shaheen
MA and Sabet NA, Bilateral simultaneous fracture of the femoral neck following
electrical shock. Injury. 1984
46. Rajam
KH, et al., Fracture of vertebral bodies caused by accidental electric shock.
J. Indian Med Assoc. 1976
47. Wright
RK, Broisz HG, and Shuman M, The investigation of electrical injuries and
deaths. Presented at the meeting of the American
Academy of Forensic Science, Reno, NV,
February 2000.
Komentarze
Prześlij komentarz