Low Down

The research of Crime Action Profiling (CAP) is characterized by a set of distinct methodological procedures that have been used to develop models of crime behaviors and associated offender characteristics. The application of these models for profiling violent crimes can be achieved at a theoretically complex or simple, more practical level. The theoretical use of the CAP models predominantly involves an understanding of the methodological development of the models, the discernment of behavioral clusters, and the relevance they hold with previously proposed taxonomies of serial violent offenders. However, a less theoretically oriented application of the CAP models can also be achieved by those unfamiliar with complex statistical methodologies. Consequently, this chapter explains a set of generic principles whereby any of the CAP models can be interpreted for the purpose of developing a criminal profile without a detailed understanding of the methodologies inherent to the developme...

A nervous system performs many high-order functions that are not easily classified  according to anatomical or chemical processes in which disorders tend to be recognized clinically in the form of a syndrome. Five main neural dysfunctions of complex origin and character to be discussed in this chapter are epilepsy and seizure disorders, the phenomenon of dementia, cognitive–perceptual deficiencies, behavioural illness, and disturbances of consciousness and coma. Five forms of complex neurological disease pose common difficulties for the forensic pathologist and neuropathologist because their pathology is complex or poorly understood, and there is often a great deal of difficulty in performing satisfactory clinical–pathological correlations using ordinary techniques. There ere are many forms of sudden attacks that manifest themselves as disorders of neurological function that are casually referred to as fits or seizures. These sudden, usually transitoryattacks may have many causes...

Emotional equilibrium and self-esteem are vital to all of us, and we employ a number of ways to protect them in ourselves. A term that is frequently used by psychologists for these activities is defence mechanisms. Everyone uses defence mechanisms, every day; they are part of normal life. (…)Defence mechanisms are essential for softening failures, protecting us from otherwise overwhelming anxiety, and maintaining our sense of personal worth . . . every normal person uses all of them – immature or mature – in greater or lesser degree all the time. Much of the time, we use defence mechanisms appropriately, but . . . [if] inappropriately used, they do not produce realistic adaptation, and sometimes they involve others in inappropriate ways. (…) What does this mean? It means that all students have ways of “defending” themselves against psychological discomfort. What these are will vary from student to student. One student may withdraw emotional energy; anothe...

To understand the idea of kingship and lordship in the early Middle Ages it is important to realize  that at this time there was little or no idea of nationalism. William controlled two large areas: Normandy, which he had been given by his father, and England, which he had won in war. Both were personal possessions, and it did not matter to the rulers that the ordinary people of one place were English while those of another were French. To William the important difference between Normandy and Eng land was that as duke of Normandy he had to recognize  the king of France as his lord, whereas in England he was king with no lord above him. When William died, in 1087, he left the Duchy of Normandy to his cider son, Robert. He gave England to his second son, William, known as "Rufus" (Latin for red) because of his red hair and red face. When Robert went to fight the Muslims in the Holy Land, he left William II (Rufus) in charge of Normandy. After all, the management of ...