Crossing of sexual boundaries by those in the helping professions is probably
the clearest example of how fine the line is between “good men” and “bad men.”
Abuses of professional power and authority occur across all of the helping
professions. None are immune.
Certain sensational cases that are reported in the media, particularly
those that involve the abuse of children by such professionals, have fueled
national scandals. Public trust has been undermined and the helping professions
damaged by persons in prominent positions, usually men, who have betrayed the trust
placed in them. The greatest harm has been felt by the victims of professional
sexual misconduct. Their suffering is incalculable.
The law and legislation concerning sexual misconduct are continually evolving.
Sexual abuse and sexual harassment are distinct from each other. Sexual
harassment generally happens in the workplace. In sexual harassment, no special
relationships or reasons for trust necessarily exist between the harasser and
the person who is harassed. Some of the time, it is a matter of an employer
taking advantage of an employee, as when the employer provides or withholds
job-related benefits based on whether the employee complies or does not comply with
sexual requests. Most of the time, sexual harassment occurs between coworkers,
creating a hostile work environment.
Sexual misconduct by professionals, however, differs from coworker abuse
because it is an exploitation of professional power and authority that arises
from a special relationship that is inherently imbued with trust. Workplace
relationships are not built on this implicit sort of trust: an employee does
not seek “help” from the employer, only properly remunerated work.
Lawyer-client, doctor-patient, priest-penitent, and teacher-student are all
power-and-trust relationships. At the core of these relationships is the
understanding that the professional will use the power and prestige of his or
her position, along with the benefit of years of knowledge, training, and
expertise, for the benefit of the person seeking help.
For many women, success in what is still a man’s world depends on the
recognition of their ability by men in power who become their mentors. A top
recommendation, a good grade, a phone call from the professor to an important
person in business may seem of the essence to a student. The need to obtain
these references by the student may be exploited by a professor for sexual
purposes.
The common thread that runs through the sexual misconduct in the helping
professions is that professional relationships produce certain role
expectations in the people being served. The therapist, professor, lawyer, or
clergyman are all fiduciaries to the people they serve. A fiduciary is a person
who acts for another in a capacity that involves confidence or trust. That
fiduciary role does not include the establishment of an intimate sexual
relationship, such as we understand those relationships to exist in a context
of love. Love relationships differ from fiduciary ones in the following way: in
love relationships, the presumptions exist that two relatively equal
individuals are joining together, that they are doing so by freely given
consent, and that they do so for the purpose of meeting their mutual needs.
Female vulnerability and sexual coercion are woven into the fabric of
our society. Efforts to understand sexual exploitation solely by means of
individual psychological analysis of the particular victim or perpetrator often
may overlook important societal-cultural factors. Such an analysis fails to
recognize that sexual coercion is embedded throughout the structure and
processes of most human culture. It would be a naďve error to conclude,
however, that female professionals do not sexually exploit persons who seek
their help. Nevertheless, female exploiters among professionals are in a
distinct minority. Why male professionals are the perpetrators in the majority
of the sexual exploitation cases is an extremely complex question. The answer
involves cultural factors; for instance, men are acculturated to test boundaries,
whereas women have been taught to accept boundary testing.
There are also biological factors, for instance, the role of
testosterone in producing sexual aggression. The evolutionary fact that men
were hunter-predators may make some contribution to the male psyche. But
cultural factors alone do not provide a satisfactory answer— the fact is that
most male professionals do not sexually exploit!
Acknowledgements:
The
Police Department;
www.politie.nl
and a Chief Inspector – Mr. Henk van Essen©
www.aivd.nl AIVD – Mr. Erik Akerboom ©
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