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Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics are gaining importance both in the clinical setting and in forensic pathology to investigate causes of death where no findings emerge from autopsy, and in the medical liability arena where scientific issues meet the justice system . Generally speaking, Pharmacogenetics is the study of how genetic variations give rise to differences in drug response, while pharmacogenomics (PGx) is the application of genomic technologies to the discovery of new therapeutic targets. Depending on the purpose, pharmacogenetics can be used to define applications of single gene sequences or a limited set of multiple gene sequences, but not gene expression or genome-wide scans, to study variations in DNA sequences related to drug action and disposition. Pharmacogenomics can be used to define applications of genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) scans and genome-wide gene expression analyses to study variations influencing drug action. Pharmacogenetics is ...

The completion of Human Genome Project and advancement of analytical technology with   the large-scale identification of genome polymorphisms have contributed to the field of forensic science, especially in the studies on genetic basis of most important inherited arrhythmia syndromes responsible to sudden cardiac death, a major cause of death worldwide, and of individual differences in response to potential toxicants, with a new emerging area of interest, the so called pharmacogenetics. One of the goals of pharmacocogenetics is the identification of the molecular genetic bases for interindividual variations in susceptibility to the anticipated effects of a drug or of xenobiotics . There is no doubt that adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are a common cause of morbidity and mortality, despite extensive and well-regulated registration processes for proving drug efficacy and drug safety, and are associated with substantial costs of medical care. Genetic studies could also clarify ...

The cultural observation mirrored and engendered the emergence of another important trend in the historiography of prewar Japan: the decentering of the state as a transformative force and the foregrounding of new social groups and individuals crucial to Japan’s modern social revolutions. It revealed the making of urban society, in particular the emergence of social icons, institutions, and ideologies that defined prewar Japanese society and, moreover, became enduring features of the twentieth-century Japanese social landscape. Their work centers on the emergence of a social group loosely termed the middle classes, a subject of historical inquiry that, until recently, was largely the province of scholars of postwar Japan. New modern social norms and ideals emerged, whether the twentieth-century incarnations of family and childhood, ideals of masculinity and femininity, or practices of leisure and consumerism, in the urban milieu of so-called prewar middle-class society. Their fo...