#8. The Violence that Brings Silence: Evidence of Iraq’s Weapons of Mass Destruction

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On February 5, 2003, U.S. secretary of state Colin Powell spoke at the United Nations to present information that the United States knew about Iraq’s weapons of mass destruction and to try to persuade UN member countries to support a military action against Iraq. Powell reminded UN members that Iraq admitted having vast quantities of biological weapons in 1995, was known to have used chemical weapons against the Kurds in 1988, and in both 1991 and 1995 was discovered to have been working on developing nuclear weapons. He argued that Iraq had failed to account for many of these weapons as the UN demanded, and had been trying to conceal evidence of prohibited weapons from UN weapons inspectors.

The evidence Powell presented included audio tapes of discussions between Iraqi military officers allegedly discussing how to hide prohibited items from UN weapons inspectors, satellite photos of a weapons munition and missile facilities allegedly showing trucks used for decontaminating and moving prohibited materials just prior to visits by UN weapons inspectors, and a large engine test stand used by Iraq for testing prohibited long-range ballistic missiles. In addition, Powell presented information from human sources stating that Saddam Hussein had warned all Iraqi scientists of the serious consequences that they and their families would face if they revealed any sensitive information to the inspectors and that Iraq had been experimenting on human beings to perfect its biological or chemical weapons.

Further evidence presented came from Iraqi defectors stating that Iraq had mobile production facilities used to make biological agents and that Hussein had made repeated attempts to acquire high-specification aluminum tubes from eleven different countries, for use in making nuclear weapons.

Bibliography:
1.    Wisnewski, J. Jeremy, ed. (18 December 2008). Torture, Terrorism, and the Use of Violence (also available as Review Journal of Political Philosophy Volume 6, Issue Number 1). Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 175. ISBN 978-1-4438-0291-8.
2.    Stevenson, ed. by Angus (2010). Oxford dictionary of English (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-957112-3.
3.    White, Jonathan R. (1 January 2016). Terrorism and Homeland Security. Cengage Learning. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-305-63377-3.
4.    "The Illusion of War: Is Terrorism a Criminal Act or an Act of War? – Mackenzie Institute". Mackenzie Institute. 31 July 2014. Retrieved 2017-04-29.
5.    Ronald Reagan, speech to National Conservative Political Action Conference Archived 20 August 2006 at the Wayback Machine. 8 March 1985.
6.    Chaliand, Gerard. The History of Terrorism: From Antiquity to al Qaeda. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007.
7.    Irish Freedom, by Richard English Publisher: Pan Books
8.    Mousseau, Michael (2002). "Market Civilization and its Clash with Terror". International Security
9.    Mark Aarons (2007). "Justice Betrayed: Post-1945 Responses to Genocide." In David A. Blumenthal and Timothy L. H. McCormack (eds). The Legacy of Nuremberg: Civilising Influence or Institutionalised Vengeance? (International Humanitarian Law). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. ISBN 9004156917
10.   Cronin, Audrey Kurth (2009). How Terrorism Ends: Understanding the Decline and Demise of Terrorist Campaigns. Princeton U. Pr. ISBN 978-0-691-13948-7.

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