#1 Afghanistan

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 The country is old as the hills, mountainous and not penetrable, yet, very much indeed fascinating and mystique. This lands of contradictions has always been far-fetched and eagerly discovered. The rich natural goods and picturesque landscapes intrigued many, just a few dared to visit, exploit and describe this hostile land. It is is indeed a hostile soil, very difficult to live in.




The USSR endlessly tried to conquer it. Every single time they had to withdraw, prepare again to another attempt, and so on and on. Nowadays US military operation in Afghanistan proves – it is an unbroken country, they never accept changes, no matter how well-masterminded it all becomes, always be declined. 

The Afghans has always lived in their closed enclaves, not engaged in western world and its civilization. The history proved the country has to be left alone.The government reshuffled – constant upheavals led to civil wars which brought to life a trend which spreads its ideas as fast as fire – the fundamentalism.

The origins of Afghan race has got oracle history, many traces point out something different and divergent. A hint of truth is out there. Hitler believed the Afghans are descendants of the Arian race, yet, the folk story told they are descendants of Hindu-kush.

The Jewish tried which inhabited the most desolated part of mountainous Afghanistan, cultivating Islam.

 Their lands spread throughout the deserts and mountainous. Places where life is so harsh and tough that only the strongest and the most adaptable can and survive. The nature of Afghans is so unpreventable and hostile as the land they live in – hostile is not a bad notion here, it means people are simply uncompromising. For that reason the changes or any attempts to change something are impossible.

1979

It was a year of political upheavals and unrest. Political struggle between the east and west. Afghans believed they will live in a country always isolated from the western civilization, they were mistaken.


President Nur Muhammad Taraki

It was strong personality, he represented the qualities western world couldn't have understood.Taraki was appointed Chairman of the Revolutionary Council and Chairman of the Council of Ministers while retaining his post as PDPA general secretary. He initially formed a government which consisted of both Khalqists and Parchamites Karmal became Deputy Chairman of the Presidium of the Revolutionary Council while Amin became Minister of Foreign Affairs and Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers. Internal problems soon arose and several prominent Khalqists accused the Parcham faction of conspiring against the Taraki government. A Khalqi purge of the Parcham then began with the faction's most prominent members being sent out of the country: Karmal became Afghan Ambassador to Czechoslovakia and Mohammad Najibullah became Afghan Ambassador to Iran. Internal struggle was not only to be found between the Khalqist and Parchamites; tense rivalry between Taraki and Amin had begun in the Khalq faction with both vying for control. Karmal was recalled from Czechoslovakia but rather than returning to Afghanistan he went into hiding with Anahita Ratebzad, his friend and former Afghan ambassador to Yugoslavia, as he feared execution if he returned. Muhammad Najibullah followed them. Taraki consequently stripped them of all official titles and political authority.


He took part in many political summits, all of them were very important, the ones taking place in Cuba, especially, after the Cuban crisis in the Bay of Pigs. India. Pakistan and Afghanistan were closely watched. The potential nuclear crisis was luring out there.

'' If You want to prevail during the ongoing war make sure more that four and a half million of people simply vanish out of sight'' – Josef Stalin advising Chinese ambassador Chiang Kai-shek.


PM Amin was more alike Stalin, he shared his point of view – to win political dominance, the purge is a necessity. Yet better educated and much more shrewd. The harsh politics was a priority for him, it was about to shape the Afghanistan policy for good, yet, he never underestimated his bitter enemy, Taraki was more cruel – indeed, he might be described as a political criminal. He masterminded the assassination of well-known and acknowledged Muslim politicians. The Mullah proclaimed a holly was – jihad – for that particular reason. The crusade has begun, it has been ongoing all the time. Taraki, scared and uncertain asked USSR for help, yet, he didn't realized USSR would like to have gain as much of this help as possible, on the other hand the Afghans resistance was too strong to be overwhelmed. Prime Minister Hafizullah Amin didn't know his political career is going to decline.



BIBIOGRAPHY:

Dictionary.com. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. (Retrieved 13 November 2007).
"Article Sixteen of the 2004 Constitution of Afghanistan". 2004. Archived from 2013-10-28.
Retrieved 13 June 2012. From among the languages of Pashto, Dari, Uzbeki, Turkmani, Baluchi, Pashai,Nuristani, Pamiri (alsana), Arab and other languages spoken in the country, Pashto and Dari are the official languages of the state.
 "'Seven dead' as earthquake rocks Afghanistan". BBC News. 19 April 2010. Archived from the original on 2013-12-31. Retrieved 13 October 2011.

Peters, Steven G. (October 2007). Preliminary Assessment of Non-Fuel Mineral Resources of Afghanistan, 2007 (PDF) (Technical report). USGS Afghanistan Project/US Geological Survey/Afghanistan Geological Survey. Fact Sheet 2007–3063. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-07-27. Retrieved 13 October 2011.

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