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  To understand the role of English and, therefore, English language teaching in these different circles, we must first unpack the issues around how to define a language. We will therefore begin with a discussion of language variety and standard language, and then move on to discuss who is a native speaker and who can teach English. All languages vary depending on characteristics of the user—age, gender, region, social class, and ethnicity—and the use to which the language is put—speaking or writing to whom, about what, for what purpose, using what medium of communication. “To the extent that speakers share knowledge of the communicative constraints and options governing a significant number of social situations, they can be said to be members of the same speech community”, linguistic study of language use in speech communities is called sociolinguistics. Speech communities are not homogeneous and speakers can belong to a number of different speech communities. So, for example, whi...

  Virtually all forensic pathologists deal not only with criminal,  suspicious, accidental and suicidal deaths, but with a wide range of deaths from natural causes. Many of these are sudden, unexpected, clinically unexplained or otherwise obscure,  even though there need be no unnatural element in their  causation. It is good that such a large substrate of natural deaths is available to most forensic pathologists: the situation where they deal exclusively with trauma and crime is professionally unhealthy, as they become progressively more out of touch - - with morbid anatomy, and lose daily contact with disease processes and uninjured tissues and organs. Involvement with natural death means frequent professional intercourse with clinicians and non-forensic pathologists, with all the consequent benefits of cross-fertilization of knowledge and ideas. To work in a totally forensic vacuum is to lose touch with pathological and clinical reality, which is essential for a...

In most countries, especially those with advanced economies and relatively sophisticated medical services, poisoning with medicinal compounds is common. In many such counties, poisoning with therapeutic substances exceeds deaths from other types of toxic agents, especially in suicidal and accidental poisoning. This is explained by the ease of access of such substances, whether they are obtainable from a doctor on prescription or on demand across the counter of a pharmacy. Where state- sponsored health services exist, the cost to the recipient may be minimal or absent and this ease of access contributes to opportunities for self-poisoning, whether it be deliberate self-destruction, suicidal gestures or accidental ingestion - the latter especially in children. Unfortunately, overprescribing or the supply of too great a quantity of drugs at one time allows excessive stocks of drugs to be easily available to the public. Though only a minority of victims of medicinal poison- ing fail to rec...